不規則動詞(英語)

不規則動詞(英語)とは、英語における不規則活用を行う動詞群である。

概要

英語は動詞の原形に対し、以下の規則を適用して過去形、過去分詞形とする。

1. 綴りの上では、
   1. 語尾-eのとき、-edとする。
      (例)dance>danced
   2. 語尾-Cy(子音+y)のとき、-iedとする。
      (例)study>studied
   3. 語尾-VC(短母音+子音)で終る時、-VCCedとする。
      (例)stop>stopped
   4. それ以外は原型に語尾-edを付ける
2. 発音では、
   1. 歯茎破裂音(/d/,/t/)で終わる場合、/ɪd/を添加する。
      (例)attend>attended /ʌˈtɛndɪd/, start>started /ˈstɑrtɪd/
   2. I以外の有声音（/b/ /v/ /g/ /z/ /dʒ/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /r/ /ŋ/ /ʒ/ /ð/）で終わる場合、/d/を添加する。
   3. I以外の無声音（/p/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /θ/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/）で終わる場合、/t/を添加する。

上記の規則に当てはまらない動詞が、英語において不規則動詞(irregular verbs)と呼ばれる動詞となる。不規則動詞となる動詞の例は様々である。元来、上記の規則は弱変化動詞と呼ばれる動詞の活用から生まれたものであるが、発音や綴り字の変化によって元々弱変化動詞だったものが不規則動詞となってしまったものもある。また、古英語由来の強変化活用を引き継いでいたり、補充法によっていたりするものもある。

不規則動詞は覚えにくく、数も動詞全体から見れば少ないものの、be, go, haveなど頻度の高い動詞が含まれている。

不規則動詞の歴史

元来、不規則動詞と呼ばれる動詞群は、古英語で強変化動詞と呼ばれる動詞群に端を発する。この動詞群は、歯茎音を語幹に付ける弱変化動詞に対して、母音変化によって活用を表すものであった。動詞の数は約2割と弱変化動詞よりはるかに少なかったが、使用頻度が高い動詞が多かった。然し、動詞によっては古英語時代から弱変化の活用形との混用が進んでいた。加えて、中英語以降、三分の一ほどの強変化動詞が廃用となった。弱変化動詞の一部は音韻変化によって不規則な活用となっていったが、外来語の動詞群はほぼ全て弱変化となり、強変化動詞の活用は不規則と見なされるようになっていった。

不規則動詞一覧

原型	過去形	過去分詞形	古英語活用形	備考
A
abide	abided abode	abided
alit	alitted alit	alitted alit
arise	arose	arisen
awake	awakened awoke	awakened awoken
B
backslide	backslid	backslid
be	was,were	been	補充法
bear	born	born borne
beat	beat	beat
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
bend	bent	bent
bet	bet betted	bet betted
bid	bid bade	bidden
	bid	bid
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bitten
bleed	bled	bled
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
breed	bred	bred
bring	brought	brought
boradcast	broadcast	broadcast
browbeat	browbeat	browbeat browbeaten
build	built	built
burn	burned burnt	burned burnt
burst	burst	burst
bust	bust busted	bust busted
buy	bought	bought
C
cast	cast	cast
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
cling	clung	clung
clothe	clothed clad	clothed clad
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
creep	crept	crept
crossbreed	crosbred	crosbred
cut	cut	cut
D
daydream	daydreamed daydreamt	daydreamed daydreamt
deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dug	dug
disproved	disproved	disproved disproven
dive	dived dove	dived
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
dream	dreamed dreamt	dreamed dreamt
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
dwell	dwelled dwelt	dwelled dwelt
E
eat	ate	eaten
F
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fit	fitted	fitted
	fit	fit
flee	fled	fled
fling	flung	flung
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forecast	forecast	forecast
forego(forgo)	forewemt	foregone
foresee	foresaw	forseen
foretell	foretold	foretold
forget	forgot	forgotten forgot
forgive	forgave	forgiven
forsake	forsook	forsaken
freeze	froze	frozen
frostbite	frostbit	frostbitten
G
get	got	got gotten
give	gave	given
go	went	gone	補充法
grind	ground	ground
grow	grew	grown
H
hand-feed	hand-fed	hand-fed
hand-write	hand-wrote	hand-wroten
hang	hung	hung hanged
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hew	hewed	hewn hewed
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
I
inbreed	inbred	inbred
inlay	inlaid	inlaid
input	input inputted	input inputted
interbreed	interbred	interbred
interwave	interwove interwaved	interwaven interwaved
interwind	interwound	interwound
J
jerry-build	jerry-built	jerry-built
K
keep	kept	kept
kneel	knelt kneeled	knelt kneeled
knit	knit knitted	knit knitted
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
lean	leaned leant	leaned leant		leanedが主に米国で、leantが主に英国で使われる。
leap	leaped leapt	leaped leapt		leapedが主に米国で、leaptが主に英国で使われる。また、米国でのleapedとleaptの発音は同じである。
learn	learned learnt	learned learnt		learnedが主に米国で、learntが主に英国で使われる。
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
light	lit lighted	lit lighted
lip-read	lip-read	lip-read		綴りは同じだが発音は違う。
lose	lost	lost
M
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
miscast	miscast	miscast
misdeal	misdealt	misdealt
misdo	misdid	misdid
mishear	misheard	misheard
mislay	mislaid	mislaid
mislead	misled	misled
mislearn	mislearned mislearnt	mislearned mislearnt
misread	misread	misread
misset	misset	misset
misspeak	misspoke	misspoken
misspell	misspelled misspellt	misspelled misspellt
misspend	misspent	misspent
mistake	mistook	mistaken
misteach	mistaught	mistaught
misunderstand	misunderstood	misunderstood
miswrite	miswrote	miswritten
mow	mowed	mowed mown
N
O
offset	offset	offset
outbid	outbid	outbid
outbreed	outbred	outbred
outdo	outdid	outdone
outdraw	outdrew	outdrawn
outdrink	outdrank	outdrunk
outdrive	outdrove	outdriven
outfight	outfought	outfought
outfly	outflew	outflown
outglow	outglew	outglown
outleap	outleaped outleapt	outleaped outleapt
outride	outrode	outridden
outrun	outrun	outrun
outsell	outsold	outsold
outshine	outshined outshone	outshined outshone
outshoot	outshot	outshot
outsing	outsang	outsung
outsit	outsit	outsit
outsleep	outslept	outslept
outsmell	outsmelled outsmelt	outsmelled outsmelt
outspeak	outspoke	outspoken
outspeed	outsped	outsped
outspend	outspent	outspent
outswear	outswore	outsworn
outswim	outswam	outswum
outthink	outthought	outthought
outthraw	outthrew	outthrawn
outwrite	outwrote	outwritten
overbid	overbid	overbid
overbreed	overbred	overbred
overbuild	overbuilt	overbuilt
overbuy	overbought	overbought
overcome	overcame	overcome
overdo	overdid	overdone
overdraw	overdrew	overdrawn
overdrink	overdrank	overdrunk
overeat	overate	overeaten
overfeed	overfed	overfed
overhang	overhung	overhung
overhear	overheard	overheard
overlay	overlaid	overlaid
overpay	overpaid	overpaid
override	overrode	overridden
overrun	overran	overrun
oversee	oversaw	overseen
oversell	oversold	oversold
oversew	oversewed	oversewed oversewn
overshoot	overshot	overshot
oversleep	overslept	overslept
overspeak	overspoke	overspoken
overspend	overspent	overspent
overspill	overspilled overspilt	overspilled overspilt
overtake	overtook	overtaken
overthink	overthought	overthought
overthrow	overthrew	overthrown
overwind	overwound	overwound
overwrite	overwrote	overwritten
P
partake	partook	partaken
pay	paid	paid
plead	pleaded pled	pleaded pled
predo	predid	predone
premake	premade	premade
prepay	prepaid	prepaid
presell	presold	presold
preset	preset	preset
preshrink	preshrank	preshrunk
proofread	proofread	proofread
prove	proved	proven proved
put	put	put
Q
quick-freeze	quick-froze	quick-frozen
quit	quit quitted	quit quitted

関連項目

• 英語